san andreas and hayward fault map
The 1868 earthquake occurred well before the East Bay region was extensively urbanized. A major route for commuters traveling from Southern Alameda County, the San Joaquin Valley and the East Bay hills to downtown Oakland and San Francisco, Interstate 580 crosses the fault twice, and runs very close to the fault between the intersections with State Route 13 (the Warren Freeway) and Interstate 238.
The Hayward fault zone is bounded on the east by a series of faults that demarcate
[17] When the next major earthquake occurs on the fault, damage will be catastrophic. This is to be corrected at great expense – first estimated at $142 million but expected to cost far more – probably the largest single cost item in the list of BART seismic retrofits.
[18] Earlier (January 2008) assessments suggest that the Hayward, Rodgers Creek, and Calaveras faults may be more likely to fail in the next few decades than previously thought.[2]. The USGS also has a webpage that analyzes what will happen if a 7.0 earthquake has its epicenter in Oakland or Fremont. However, the University has undertaken an extensive retrofitting project over the past decade to systematically retrofit all academic buildings on Campus to withstand a significant earthquake.
[27] Extensive reconstruction work at the Hayward Fault crossing includes a multi-sectioned tunnel structure to allow shear without collapse, this is to contain a section of water pipe with ball joints and a slip joint. Prior to the adoption and implementation of a $200 million seismic improvement project all of the water for these customers went through one vulnerable tunnel that crosses the Hayward Fault near the Caldecott Tunnel. The area affected by an earthquake is also dependent upon the density and uniformity of the soils surrounding the fault.
The faults shown here are represented by simple lines which do not show how deep and large they are. relationships.
A replacement of the eastern span was completed in August 2013.
IT IS NOT INTENDED AS A GUIDE FOR DIY RETROFITS. The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, which supplies 270 to 315 million gallons of water per day to the City of San Francisco and other Bay Area communities, directly crosses the Hayward Fault in Fremont. The eastern bounding faults are, from the south, the Calaveras, The fault continues north under the eastern margin of Lake Temescal and its dam, which is unlikely to fail since it has been completely reinforced by the extensive earth fill supporting the subsequently improved Highway 24. CHART SHOWING THE HISTORY OF LARGE EARTHQUAKES ALONG THE CASCADIA EARTHQUAKE TIME LINE, MIRROR IMAGE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CASCADIA FAULT SHOWN ON THE RIGHT AND THE SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE ON THE LEFT THAT KILLED OVER 260,000 PEOPLE. Privacy The work was the subject of several lawsuits from neighborhood and environmental groups, who were concerned about such extensive construction on top of a major fault. million or more years. The Hayward Fault Zone is a geologic fault zone capable of generating destructive earthquakes. As part of this project, that tunnel – the Claremont Tunnel – was seismically retrofitted. [17], For the thirty years following 2014, the probability of there being one or more magnitude 6.7+ earthquakes on the Hayward Fault during that time frame was estimated at 14.3 percent. This page was last edited on 23 August 2020, at 21:45. While there are indications that a substantial earthquake on a nearby parallel fault can release stress and so also decrease the near-term probability of an earthquake, the opposite appears to be true concerning sequential segments. Earthquake Safety Program Construction Updates, The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Destruction, Missing link between the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults, The Rodgers Creek and Hayward Faults are revealed to be one fault, capable of a Magnitude=7.4 earthquake, The 2018 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) HayWired Earthquake Scenario Fact Sheet 2018–3016, Rescue Lineament-Bear Mountains fault zone, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayward_Fault_Zone&oldid=974595567, Geology of Contra Costa County, California, Geology of Santa Clara County, California, Geography of Contra Costa County, California, Geography of Santa Clara County, California, Articles using abbreviated captions for seismic magnitude, Articles needing additional references from December 2008, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Hayward Fault Zone earthquakes with a minimum. The Hayward Fault Zone is a geologic fault zone capable of generating destructive earthquakes. THE HAYWARD FAULT IS CONNECTED TO A SERIES OF SMALLER FAULT THAT MIGHT ERUPT AT THE SAME TIME CREATING A 7.3 OR HIGHER MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKE. The largest quake on the Hayward Fault in recorded history occurred in 1868, with an estimated magnitude of 7.0. The designed slip margin has been reduced by half due to unforeseen settlement of the tube structure. The Association of Bay Area Governments has prepared ground shaking maps that include a possible concurrent scenario (these are shown below).
State Highway 24, connecting Oakland to Orinda, Lafayette, and Walnut Creek through the Caldecott Tunnel, is composed of extensive earth fill at the location where the fault is crossed.
Similar conditions underlie the eastern approach roads to the Bay Bridge. boundary. There is the possibility that a large earthquake could trigger very large earth flows, particularly if the soils are seasonally saturated with water, possibly rendering extensive areas unbuildable. Shear Transfer Ties No Cripple Wall Retrofits, Brick Foundations and Earthquake Retrofitting, Workers’ Compensation and Liability Insurance. BART has installed and continues to enhance a network of seismic sensors (an earthquake warning system) to trigger a system halt in the event of a major event, this to include automated event progression analysis to determine the best action with regard to individual trains for maximum safety (a fault rip can take up to several tens of seconds to completely propagate from the epicenter to the more distant affected locations). Affected areas are likely to be without electrical power for an extensive period. and in 1868, and several large earthquakes have been recorded since 1868. The Hayward is one of three major fault zones of the San Andreas system that have Homeowner’s Guide to Seismic Retrofitting. This fault regularly generates 9.0 temblors similar to the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami that killed over 227,000 people in Indonesia and India. In 2028, it will have been 160 years since the 1868 event. CBS News did a short but excellent documentary on the huge impact a rupture of the Cascadia Fault will have on our country.
For a 12-minute video concerning the Hayward Fault, see the KQED documentary Predictable Peril. [19] (Earthquake insurance is not only quite expensive, it tends to be burdened with large deductibles – at least 15 percent). Aviation fuels are piped from these same refineries to the Oakland Airport.
The Pacific Plate is a major section of the Earth's crust, gradually expanding by the eruption of magma along the East Pacific Rise to the southeast.
compressive tectonic stress along a significant upper crustal discontinuity for the past 10 "Startling quake threat discovery", David Perlman, Contra Costa Times article, February 6, 2007, page 1, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, "Major quake on Hayward fault more likely, scientists say", "Missing link between the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults", "North-of-the-Delta Offstream Storage Investigation (draft)", Paleoseismic Investigation Of The Maacama Fault At The Haehl Creek Site, Willits, California, "New data on 2 Bay Area faults cause worry about next big quake", David Perlman, December 31, 2015, updated January 2, 2016 10:31am, "Two Bay Area earthquake faults found to be connected", Patrick May, October 20, 2016, updated January 12, 2017 6:40am, "The Rodgers Creek and Hayward Faults are revealed to be one fault, capable of a Magnitude=7.4 earthquake", Hayward, Calaveras faults may be connected, geologist says, "Earthquake in San Francisco and Neighboring Places — Nearly a Million Dollars Worth of Property Destroyed", "California's Last Big Earthquake — How the People of Oakland Feared for San Francisco", Museum of Local History, Links to the 1868 Earthquake. Workers' Comp RWCC64393236 Page Contact Information: Contact USGS
The segments were sunk into a ditch dredged through bay mud and covered with rock fill, and then pumped free of water upon completion, making the resulting tube somewhat buoyant, but held in place with a rock overfill. Parallel to the Eastshore Freeway and inland only two blocks is a four-track railroad route used for general freight traffic, including that generated by the Port of Oakland (Union Pacific and BNSF railroads) and by Amtrak passenger traffic to the Pacific Northwest and eastward through Reno and Salt Lake City. Similar dangerous soil conditions and insufficiently resistant buildings are also on the southern, western and northern boundaries of San Francisco and San Pablo bays and would also be severely affected by a major earthquake on the Hayward fault. Although founded on better ground than most of the shoreline, this refinery has extensive crude oil and finished product docks and pipelines extending into the bay, which could produce catastrophic spills into the bay, with the potential to adversely affect hundreds of miles of sensitive wetlands. This potential problem has been addressed by vibratory compaction of the overfill covering the tube. In June 2006 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) management announced that they have elected not to modify the Berkeley Hills Tunnel, which actually penetrates the Hayward Fault, arguing that it would be cheaper (and less disruptive to current operations) to rebore a misaligned portion after the fact than to protect riders (either by extensive modifications of the tunnel or by replacing it with a higher bore) against the small likelihood that a train (or two) would crash into or be cut in two by a major slippage of the fault. In 2007, the Hayward Fault was discovered to merge with the Calaveras Fault east of San Jose at a depth of 4 miles (6.4 km), with the potential of creating earthquakes much larger than previously anticipated. [3] Another fault further north, the Maacama Fault, is also considered to be part of the "Hayward Fault subsystem".[4][5].
The transform boundary defined by the San Andreas Fault is not perfectly straight, and the stresses between the Pacific and North American Plates are diffused over a wide region of the West, extending as far as the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Retrofit design is based on many factors. For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. or through the alluvium, the western boundary of the fault is generally considered to be the Further improvement in the construction of resistant structures and the development of retrofitting method have only recently been developed, largely in response to the effects of the 1971 Sylmar, 1989 Loma Prieta, and 1994 Northridge events in California – none of which were hugely catastrophic, but each of which caused loss of life in structures not thought to be vulnerable, and so increased public, engineering, and government awareness of the need for specific remediations and construction methods required for improved life safety. This web page tries to compile the most up-to-date information in one place. The Google Earth website, in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, has prepared a virtual helicopter tour of the fault, with much additional information available through the tour.
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