copper 1 phosphate formula
Most of the turquoise deposits in Nevada occur along a wide belt of tectonic activity that coincides with the state's zone of thrust faulting. (With some skill, oil and wax treatments can be restored. This deposit is blue naturally and turns green when heated due to dehydration. 4H2O. [3][6] With lower hardness comes lower specific gravity (2.60–2.90)[3] and greater porosity; these properties are dependent on grain size. Formula: Cu3(PO4)2. These treatments include innocuous waxing and more controversial procedures, such as dyeing and impregnation (see Treatments). The gemstone has been known by many names. In the context of pollution, phosphates are one component of total dissolved solids, a major indicator of water quality, but not all phosphorus is in a molecular form that algae can break down and consume. Glass and plastic will have a much greater translucency, with bubbles or flow lines often visible just below the surface. [16] As clay minerals promote biomineralization, the presence of bacteria and clay minerals resulted in calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates. The largest global producer and exporter of phosphates is Morocco. Persian turquoise was often engraved with devotional words in Arabic script which was then inlaid with gold. Cabochons of imported turquoise, along with coral, was (and still is) used extensively in the silver and gold jewellery of Tibet and Mongolia, where a greener hue is said to be preferred. Removal of one or two protons gives the dihydrogen phosphate ion [H2PO4]− and the hydrogen phosphate ion [HPO4]2− ion, respectively. Early backing materials included the casings of old model T batteries, old phonograph records, and more recently epoxy steel resins. The pKa values are the pH values where the concentration of each species is equal to that of its conjugate bases. [16], Phosphate deposits can contain significant amounts of naturally occurring heavy metals. Gilson turquoise is made in both a uniform colour and with black "spiderweb matrix" veining not unlike the natural Nevada material. Turquoise was among the first gems to be mined, and many historic sites have been depleted, though some are still worked to this day. For example, blooms in the populations of some organisms at the expense of others, and the collapse of populations deprived of resources such as oxygen (see eutrophication) can occur. Turquoise is treated to enhance both its colour and durability (increased hardness and decreased porosity).
If they changed colour, the wearer was thought to have reason to fear the approach of doom.
The Aztecs inlaid turquoise, together with gold, quartz, malachite, jet, jade, coral, and shells, into provocative (and presumably ceremonial[clarification needed]) mosaic objects such as masks (some with a human skull as their base), knives, and shields. Like the Aztecs, the Pueblo, Navajo and Apache tribes cherished turquoise for its amuletic use; the latter tribe believe the stone to afford the archer dead aim. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogen phosphate ion H(PO4)2−, which in turn is the conjugate base of the dihydrogen phosphate ion H2(PO4)−, which in turn is the conjugate base of orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4.
Later glass and enamel were also used, and in modern times more sophisticated porcelain, plastics, and various assembled, pressed, bonded, and sintered products (composed of various copper and aluminium compounds) have been developed: examples of the latter include "Viennese turquoise", made from precipitated aluminium phosphate coloured by copper oleate; and "neolith", a mixture of bayerite and copper(II) phosphate. The Phelps Dodge Lavender Pit mine at Bisbee ceased operations in 1974 and never had a turquoise contractor. An absorption spectrum may also be obtained with a hand-held spectroscope, revealing a line at 432 nm and a weak band at 460 nm (this is best seen with strong reflected light). [2], InChI=1S/3Cu.2H3O4P/c;;;2*1-5(2,3)4/h;;;2*(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3*+2;;/p-6, [O-]P(=O)([O-])[O-].[O-]P(=O)([O-])[O-].[Cu+2].[Cu+2]. ATP and ADP are often referred to as high-energy phosphates, as are the phosphagens in muscle tissue.
Unless carefully managed, these waste products can leach heavy metals into groundwater or nearby estuaries.
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